![]() Dangers of Adopting a Statistical Perspective on Justice.What are the most pressing dangers of AI? What are the most promising opportunities for AI? Societal Impact: Monitoring and Oversight.Research into Societal and Ethical Issues.What should the roles of academia and industry be, respectively, in the development and deployment of AI technologies and the study of the impacts of AI? Dynamic Regulation, Experimentation, and Testing.Cooperation and Coordination on International Policy.AI Research & Development as a Policy Priority.How should governments act to ensure AI is developed and used responsibly? Improving and Widening Public Understanding of AI: Where Do We Go From Here?.Primary Drivers of Public Understanding and Sentiment.How has public sentiment towards AI evolved, and how should we inform/educate the public? Making Deep Reinforcement Learning More General.Self-Supervised Learning With the Transformer Architecture.What are the prospects for more general artificial intelligence? How much have we progressed in understanding the key mysteries of human intelligence? What are the most inspiring open grand challenge problems? What are the most important advances in AI? What are some examples of pictures that reflect important progress in AI and its influences? "As they're progressing to fentanyl, they're gonna have to use it more often in order to manage that withdrawal. "Usually by the time somebody is transitioning to fentanyl, they're already needing to use pretty consistently throughout the day to feel normal, to not be in withdrawal," Kast said. The drug also causes a shorter-lived high than other opioids, meaning users must take the drug more frequently to avoid withdrawal. While fentanyl overdoses can be reversed with naloxone, the high potency of the drug means more naloxone is needed to counteract it, both Anand and Ward said. "It would be hard for me to feel confident in recommending that to somebody." Kris Kast, clinical director of the Addiction Consult Service at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville. "I don't know that we're at a place where we can say, 'Hey, maybe you should smoke it instead,'" said Dr. And there's no data to suggest that smoking fentanyl reduces the risk for fatal overdoses. Others were concerned that because smoking fentanyl is easier and often more appealing than injecting it, it could result in more widespread use. Daniel Ciccarone, a professor of family community medicine at the University of California, San Francisco.Ĭiccarone said that the shift from injecting to smoking could be seen as a form of harm reduction, in that it eliminates the risk of infections spread through shared needles, including HIV, hepatitis C and bacteria that can cause heart infections. "My prediction would be that smoking fentanyl will be the norm within a year" among those who use the drug on its own, said Dr. What's more, experts said, people are increasingly moving from injecting fentanyl to smoking it. "They ended up liking it better."Īlex Kral, a Berkeley, California-based epidemiologist who studies illicit drugs at the nonprofit research institute RTI International, said he's heard from users that once they start using fentanyl, it's very tough to go back to using heroin, because they don’t get the same high. "Some people thought they were buying heroin on the street, and it turned out to be fentanyl," Ward said. ![]() Mary Ward, president of the McLeod Addiction Center in Charlotte, North Carolina, has noticed the shift toward a preference for fentanyl in her home state. By 2021, fentanyl was involved in the vast majority of overdose deaths, according to the National Center for Health Statistics. The shadowy addition of fentanyl to the illegal drug supply sent deadly overdoses skyrocketing among users who were unaware they were using such a strong drug. Fentanyl also started showing up in non-opioid drugs, such as cocaine and fake versions of prescription pills. Drug dealers started mixing the two drugs as a way to stretch their heroin supply. The white powder looked just like heroin, but was much cheaper. Fentanyl skin patches are sometimes prescribed for severe pain for use at home.īut fentanyl first made its way into the illicit drug supply about 10 years ago, particularly in areas east of the Mississippi River. ![]() In medical settings, fentanyl is used to treat patients in severe pain, such as people just out of surgery. Now, Anand said, he's seeing a lot more people in Ohio seeking out illicit fentanyl as their drug of choice. Akhil Anand, a psychiatrist at the Cleveland Clinic who specializes in addiction. "Two years ago, I would have thought this was crazy," said Dr. Until recently, intentional use of fentanyl was mostly limited to the West Coast, but in the past few years, addiction specialists have seen an uptick in use of the drug across the country.
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